Maintenance work
FID
Cross section
Disassembling the FID
There are two reasons for taking a FID apart:
- Cleaning
the FID from deposits after having used the GC for an extended period of
time.
- Measuring
gas flows of carrier gas, hydrogen and air.
Necessary tools are included in delivery. Procedure:
·
Turn off power, pull mains plug and close gas valve at
the pressure gas cylinder.
·
Loosen socket set screw (2) and pull out the upper
feeler (3). Loosen top screw (1) and take off upper section of the FID (13)
·
Same way remove the lower feeler (8) by loosening
screw (7).
·
Turn out the two hexagon screws (not visible in Fig.)
located on top of the center section (11), and take off center section.
·
Now the nozzle (9) can be removed by carefully turning it by hand. The flange can be removed with
an open end wrench size 8 mm.
·
If necessary. loosen the
screw (12) sideways the upper section and pull out the isolator and the
collector electrode.
Disassembling the FID step by step:
Disassembling
the FID
To assemble the FID repeat the steps above in reverse
order. The connecting leads are marked: the cable with a red ring is to be
connected to the upper feeler (3).
Important Note: Please take utmost care as to first
mount the center section before pushing in and fastening the feeler (8). The
same applies to the upper feeler (3). First mount the collector electrode (6)
before inserting the feeler.
Mounting
the feelers
Cleaning the detector
All parts of the detector, except for the feelers, are
very robust and can be cleaned mechanically with cleaning agents. Do not wet the feelers!
FID: Adjusting gas flows
Applies only for Chromatographs equipped with flame ionisation detector.
Factory
settings: Nominal
gas flows for FID:
Clean air gas
flow: v(air) = 300 ml/min
Hydrogen gas flow: v(H2) = 30
ml/min
These values
are factory preset for a hydrogene pressure of 0.3 bar (4.35
psi).
Working with a different FID hydrogen pressure from
the above one requires readjustment of hydrogen gas flow. It is recommended to
check for correct gas flows from time to time, in any case this has to be done
if the FID does not work as expected, for example if ignition is not taking
place or the hydrogen valve has been manipulated inadvertently.
Preparation
·
Turn off GC. If the FID is still hot, wait until it
can be touched by hand. Turn on the GC. After start up a message window
appears. Select ‘Measure gas flow’ and the FID heating will stay turned off.
·
Completely disassemble the FID as described here. Remove the flange and the
nozzle.
Measurement
and adjustment of air flow
Measuring
air flow at the FID
Screw the connector (included) into the right boring
of the detector block. Slide the silicon hose that leads to the bubble flow
meter over the connector tubing and measure the gas flow as described here Adjust the valve „Air“ until
the gas flow is between 280 and 320 ml/min. Usage of the bubble flow meter is
explained here
Measurement
and adjustment of hydrogen gas flow at the FID
Measuring
hydrogen and carrier gas flow at the FID
If
the GC is operated with two different gases, eg.
hydrogen and helium, close the helium supply.- Set the
hydrogen pressure to 0.3 bar (4.35 psi) at the pressure cylinder controls.
- Screw the
connector (included) into the center boring of the detector block. Take care not to damage the end of the
capillary column that protrudes from the FID block!
- Slide the
silicon hose that leads to the bubble flow meter over the connector tubing
and
- measure
the gas flow as described in chapter 6.8. Adjust the air valve until the
gas flow is between 28 and 32 ml/min
Measurement of
carrier gas flow (gas flow through the capillary column)
The carrier gas flow should be known to compute and adjust the split ratio. The measuring set-up is the same as in the previous section, but the procedure is different. Advice: It is a whole lot simpler to compute the carrier gas flow or take the values from tables. See last chapter
- If the GC
is operated with two different gases eg. hydrogen and helium, close the hydrogen supply.
- If the GC
is operated with hydrogen only, close the hydrogen valve at the GC
completely. Don’t forget to
recalibrate the hydrogen gas flow after this measurement!
- Set the
helium pressure to 0.3 bar (4.35 psi) at the pressure cylinder controls.
- Screw the
connector (included) into the center boring of the detector block. Take care not to damage the end of the
capillary column that protrudes from the FID block!
- Slide the
silicon hose, that leads to the bubble flow meter over the connector
tubing and measure the gas flow as described in chapter 6.8. Note that for
typical columns the gas flow is relatively small in the range of 0.2 – 2
ml/min.
WLD: Measuring and adjusting the carrier gas flow
Connect
the exit of the carrier gas from the TCD (Thermal Conductive Detector) with the
bubble flow meter by sliding the silicon hose that leads to the bubble flow
meter over the connector tubing.
Adjust
the pressure regulator at the gas cylinder to approx. 0.2 bar
and wait 1-2 minutes to allow the carrier gas to displace the air in the
system. Carrier gas flow should be between 10 and 50 ml/min. See chapter 5.5.3
for more information about carrier gas flow and separation efficiency. Usage of
the bubble flow meter is explained here.
FID: Adjusting the split
ratio
General remarks
Capillary
columns can only separate small amounts of substances. Using normal microliter
syringes it is not practical to inject smaller amounts than approx. 0.5 µl. Such
being the case the amount of substance is once again reduced inside the
injector in an adjustable ratio termed ’split ratio’. See chapter 4 for
details. The split ratio represents the ratio between the amount of carrier gas
entering the column and the amount leaving the injector unused through the
so-called split vent. Split ratios from 1:5 to 1:200 are used. The ratio
implies a tradeoff between sensitivity and separation efficiency that depends
also from the type of column. In our
case values of around 1:20 to1:50 are a good compromise.
Example:
The following
describes the adjustment of a split ratio of 1:50
·
The carrier gas flow rate must be known at the given
pressure. It can be measured or calculated. In our example we assume
the carrier gas flow to be v(column) = 1.3 ml/min.
·
We multiply this flow rate by the split ratio 1:50 to
get the flow rate through the split vent: v(split) =
50 * 1,3 = 65 ml/min.
·
The bubble flow meter is then connected to the split
vent
· We now measure the gas flow several times while turning the split vent valve until the flow rate is near the desired value of 65 ml/min. The absolute value of the split vent flow rate is not important. It’s rather the constancy between measurements that matters.
Maintaining the injector
Changing the liner
A liner is a glass tubing
inside the injector. After an extended period of operation this part can be
contaminated or plugged. It should than be cleaned or exchanged. Liners are
expendable items. It is not bad idea to keep one or two handy as spare parts.
·
Turn off power, pull mains plug and close all gas
valves at the pressure gas cylinders.
·
Unscrew the heatsink from
the top oft he injector.
·
Remove septum and pressure plate from the heat sink.
·
Pull out the liner with a suitable tool e.g. a small
screwdriver.
·
Before mounting the liner its outer surface should be
carefully cleaned.
·
Insert the glass tube with its indentations directing upwards into the opening of the injector. The
upper end of the liner should be positioned on the same level as the rim of the
injector.
·
Put the septum and then the pressure plate on top of
the injector opening. (Do not change the order!) Screw the heat sink onto the
injector and fasten hand tight.
Exchanging the septum
If the septum shows signs of wear it should be
replaced. Follow the directions of the previous chapter, but, of course, do not
remove the liner. Durability of septa depends on injection technique and
varies. Use only low bleed septa. A couple of spare septa are included.
Exchanging the
capillary column
The capillary column is mounted inside the column oven with two hexagonal nuts. The ends of the column are connected to the injector (left hand side) and detector (right hand side) with ferrules and column screws. (see Fig. 36)
Removal of column
·
Loosen column screws at both ends with wrench 8mm and
pull out the ends together with screws and ferrules. In most cases the ferrules
fit tightly to the capillary.
·
Loosen two nuts M3 at the column cage and take out the
column including ferrules and nuts.
·
Ferrules and column screws should be left in place if
possible. If you want to remove it, firmly grab the capillary between two
fingers and pull the screw.
Owing
to circumstances it can make sense to cut an inch or two from the end of the
column. Lay the column end on to a flat surface and scratch the capillary with
a carbide or diamond cutter, then bend it symmetrically over both thumbs until
it breaks. Slide the screw and the ferrule over the capillary, the conical end
of the ferrule must point to the end of the column, see Fig. 37 for details.
Preparations
when installing the capillary column
Connecting the column on the injector side
It is
mandatory, to follow the measures of Fig. 36 above. To insure this, it is
recommended to mark the column with a felt-tip pen as shown. The column is
inserted carefully into the injector. This procedure is delicate and requires
some patience und manual skill.
Tighten
the column screw by hand first, than fasten with wrench 7 mm. Pull slightly
with two fingers at the column to check the column for firm seating. If doing
so, the column must not move.
Important note: It is indispensable to retighten the
column screws after one or two heating cycles! This is all the more important
if hydrogen is in use as a carrier gas
Connecting
the column on the injector side
Connecting the column to the detector
The procedure is principally the same as described in
the previous paragraph. If you encounter a barrier when inserting the column,
we advise to move the column slightly back and forth to facilitate its way upwards until the mark is in
its final position. Regard warning
above!
Using the bubble flow meter
This simple but efficient flow meter essentially
consists of a graduated glass tube in which a gas flow moves up a soap film.
Prior to first use, fill the rubber ball with water
and add one drop of liquid kitchen detergent. Slide the rubber ball onto the
lower end of the glass tube, wetting the glass end helps.
To initiate the measuring process, squeeze the rubber
ball containing the detergent solution until the level of the liquid passes the
gas inlet, which leads to the formation of one or more soap films.
Bubble flow meter
Now select a measurement volume between two rings on
the glass tube, start a timer when the film passes the first ring, stop the timer
when it passes the second ring. Calculate the flow rate from the equation:
Flow rate: v =
Volume/Time [ml/min]
Example:
Elapsed time between two marks with a distance of 2 ml: t = 9,6 s.
v = 2 ml / 9,6 s = 0,208 ml/s
v =
0,208 ml/s • 60 s/min = 12 ml/min
You can achieve this result much more easily by using
the GC software. Simply click on “Measure gas flow” and use as directed.
Calculating the carrier gas flow
Capillary
columns are thin tubes, for which Poiseuilles law applies.
The law can be written in the form
dV/dt = v = (R/h) × Dp (1) where
R =
k × r4/l (2)
“Flow rate dV/dt of a gas through a thin
tube is proportional to the pressure difference Dp”
The
factor R/h depends on the kind of gas, its viscosity, the radius r and the
length l of the tube.
The following tables show calculated values for thin
tubes of 0.32 mm diameter, 25 meters length at different temperatures for the
following gas types: Hydrogen, helium, nitrogen. It can be used to estimate the
carrier gas flow for capillary columns. Note that this is a first-order
approximation.
Helium
Gas flow in ml/min through column 0,32 mm/25
m pressure p in bar, T in °C
|
p |
0,1 |
0,2 |
0,3 |
0,4 |
0,5 |
0,6 |
0,7 |
0,8 |
0,9 |
1 |
1,1 |
1,2 |
1,3 |
1,4 |
1,5 |
|
T |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
0,57 |
1,14 |
1,72 |
2,29 |
2,86 |
3,43 |
4,01 |
4,58 |
5,15 |
5,72 |
6,30 |
6,87 |
7,44 |
8,01 |
8,59 |
|
30 |
0,56 |
1,12 |
1,68 |
2,24 |
2,80 |
3,37 |
3,93 |
4,49 |
5,05 |
5,61 |
6,17 |
6,73 |
7,29 |
7,85 |
8,41 |
|
40 |
0,55 |
1,10 |
1,65 |
2,20 |
2,75 |
3,30 |
3,85 |
4,40 |
4,95 |
5,50 |
6,05 |
6,60 |
7,15 |
7,70 |
8,25 |
|
50 |
0,54 |
1,08 |
1,62 |
2,16 |
2,70 |
3,23 |
3,77 |
4,31 |
4,85 |
5,39 |
5,93 |
6,47 |
7,01 |
7,55 |
8,09 |
|
60 |
0,53 |
1,06 |
1,59 |
2,11 |
2,64 |
3,17 |
3,70 |
4,23 |
4,76 |
5,29 |
5,82 |
6,34 |
6,87 |
7,40 |
7,93 |
|
70 |
0,52 |
1,04 |
1,56 |
2,08 |
2,59 |
3,11 |
3,63 |
4,15 |
4,67 |
5,19 |
5,71 |
6,23 |
6,74 |
7,26 |
7,78 |
|
80 |
0,51 |
1,02 |
1,53 |
2,04 |
2,55 |
3,06 |
3,57 |
4,07 |
4,58 |
5,09 |
5,60 |
6,11 |
6,62 |
7,13 |
7,64 |
|
90 |
0,50 |
1,00 |
1,50 |
2,00 |
2,50 |
3,00 |
3,50 |
4,00 |
4,50 |
5,00 |
5,50 |
6,00 |
6,50 |
7,00 |
7,50 |
|
100 |
0,49 |
0,98 |
1,47 |
1,96 |
2,46 |
2,95 |
3,44 |
3,93 |
4,42 |
4,91 |
5,40 |
5,89 |
6,39 |
6,88 |
7,37 |
|
110 |
0,48 |
0,97 |
1,45 |
1,93 |
2,41 |
2,90 |
3,38 |
3,86 |
4,34 |
4,83 |
5,31 |
5,79 |
6,27 |
6,76 |
7,24 |
|
120 |
0,47 |
0,95 |
1,42 |
1,90 |
2,37 |
2,85 |
3,32 |
3,80 |
4,27 |
4,74 |
5,22 |
5,69 |
6,17 |
6,64 |
7,12 |
|
130 |
0,47 |
0,93 |
1,40 |
1,87 |
2,33 |
2,80 |
3,27 |
3,73 |
4,20 |
4,66 |
5,13 |
5,60 |
6,06 |
6,53 |
7,00 |
|
140 |
0,46 |
0,92 |
1,38 |
1,83 |
2,29 |
2,75 |
3,21 |
3,67 |
4,13 |
4,59 |
5,05 |
5,50 |
5,96 |
6,42 |
6,88 |
|
150 |
0,45 |
0,90 |
1,35 |
1,81 |
2,26 |
2,71 |
3,16 |
3,61 |
4,06 |
4,51 |
4,96 |
5,42 |
5,87 |
6,32 |
6,77 |
|
160 |
0,44 |
0,89 |
1,33 |
1,78 |
2,22 |
2,66 |
3,11 |
3,55 |
4,00 |
4,44 |
4,88 |
5,33 |
5,77 |
6,22 |
6,66 |
|
170 |
0,44 |
0,87 |
1,31 |
1,75 |
2,19 |
2,62 |
3,06 |
3,50 |
3,93 |
4,37 |
4,81 |
5,24 |
5,68 |
6,12 |
6,56 |
|
180 |
0,43 |
0,86 |
1,29 |
1,72 |
2,15 |
2,58 |
3,01 |
3,44 |
3,87 |
4,30 |
4,73 |
5,16 |
5,59 |
6,02 |
6,45 |
|
190 |
0,42 |
0,85 |
1,27 |
1,69 |
2,12 |
2,54 |
2,97 |
3,39 |
3,81 |
4,24 |
4,66 |
5,08 |
5,51 |
5,93 |
6,35 |
|
200 |
0,42 |
0,83 |
1,25 |
1,67 |
2,09 |
2,50 |
2,92 |
3,34 |
3,76 |
4,17 |
4,59 |
5,01 |
5,42 |
5,84 |
6,26 |
|
210 |
0,41 |
0,82 |
1,23 |
1,64 |
2,06 |
2,47 |
2,88 |
3,29 |
3,70 |
4,11 |
4,52 |
4,93 |
5,34 |
5,76 |
6,17 |
|
220 |
0,41 |
0,81 |
1,22 |
1,62 |
2,03 |
2,43 |
2,84 |
3,24 |
3,65 |
4,05 |
4,46 |
4,86 |
5,27 |
5,67 |
6,08 |
|
230 |
0,40 |
0,80 |
1,20 |
1,60 |
2,00 |
2,40 |
2,79 |
3,19 |
3,59 |
3,99 |
4,39 |
4,79 |
5,19 |
5,59 |
5,99 |
|
240 |
0,39 |
0,79 |
1,18 |
1,57 |
1,97 |
2,36 |
2,76 |
3,15 |
3,54 |
3,94 |
4,33 |
4,72 |
5,12 |
5,51 |
5,90 |
|
250 |
0,39 |
0,78 |
1,16 |
1,55 |
1,94 |
2,33 |
2,72 |
3,10 |
3,49 |
3,88 |
4,27 |
4,66 |
5,04 |
5,43 |
5,82 |
Hydrogen
Gas flow in ml/min through column 0,32 mm/25
m pressure p in bar, T in °C
|
p |
|
0,1 |
0,2 |
0,3 |
0,4 |
0,5 |
0,6 |
0,7 |
0,8 |
0,9 |
1 |
1,1 |
1,2 |
1,3 |
1,4 |
1,5 |
|
T |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
1,27 |
2,54 |
3,81 |
5,08 |
6,36 |
7,63 |
8,90 |
10,17 |
11,44 |
12,71 |
13,98 |
15,25 |
16,53 |
17,80 |
19,07 |
|
30 |
|
1,25 |
2,49 |
3,74 |
4,98 |
6,23 |
7,47 |
8,72 |
9,96 |
11,21 |
12,45 |
13,70 |
14,94 |
16,19 |
17,43 |
18,68 |
|
40 |
|
1,22 |
2,44 |
3,66 |
4,88 |
6,10 |
7,32 |
8,54 |
9,76 |
10,98 |
12,20 |
13,42 |
14,64 |
15,86 |
17,08 |
18,30 |
|
50 |
|
1,20 |
2,39 |
3,59 |
4,79 |
5,98 |
7,18 |
8,37 |
9,57 |
10,77 |
11,96 |
13,16 |
14,36 |
15,55 |
16,75 |
17,95 |
|
60 |
|
1,17 |
2,35 |
3,52 |
4,69 |
5,87 |
7,04 |
8,21 |
9,39 |
10,56 |
11,73 |
12,91 |
14,08 |
15,25 |
16,43 |
17,60 |
|
70 |
|
1,15 |
2,30 |
3,45 |
4,60 |
5,76 |
6,91 |
8,06 |
9,21 |
10,36 |
11,51 |
12,66 |
13,81 |
14,96 |
16,12 |
17,27 |
|
80 |
|
1,13 |
2,26 |
3,39 |
4,52 |
5,65 |
6,78 |
7,91 |
9,04 |
10,17 |
11,30 |
12,43 |
13,56 |
14,69 |
15,82 |
16,95 |
|
90 |
|
1,11 |
2,22 |
3,33 |
4,44 |
5,55 |
6,66 |
7,76 |
8,87 |
9,98 |
11,09 |
12,20 |
13,31 |
14,42 |
15,53 |
16,64 |
|
100 |
|
1,09 |
2,18 |
3,27 |
4,36 |
5,45 |
6,54 |
7,63 |
8,72 |
9,80 |
10,89 |
11,98 |
13,07 |
14,16 |
15,25 |
16,34 |
|
110 |
|
1,07 |
2,14 |
3,21 |
4,28 |
5,35 |
6,42 |
7,49 |
8,56 |
9,63 |
10,70 |
11,77 |
12,84 |
13,91 |
14,98 |
16,05 |
|
120 |
|
1,05 |
2,10 |
3,16 |
4,21 |
5,26 |
6,31 |
7,36 |
8,41 |
9,47 |
10,52 |
11,57 |
12,62 |
13,67 |
14,73 |
15,78 |
|
130 |
|
1,03 |
2,07 |
3,10 |
4,14 |
5,17 |
6,20 |
7,24 |
8,27 |
9,31 |
10,34 |
11,37 |
12,41 |
13,44 |
14,48 |
15,51 |
|
140 |
|
1,02 |
2,03 |
3,05 |
4,07 |
5,08 |
6,10 |
7,12 |
8,13 |
9,15 |
10,17 |
11,18 |
12,20 |
13,22 |
14,23 |
15,25 |
|
150 |
|
1,00 |
2,00 |
3,00 |
4,00 |
5,00 |
6,00 |
7,00 |
8,00 |
9,00 |
10,00 |
11,00 |
12,00 |
13,00 |
14,00 |
15,00 |
|
160 |
|
0,98 |
1,97 |
2,95 |
3,94 |
4,92 |
5,90 |
6,89 |
7,87 |
8,85 |
9,84 |
10,82 |
11,81 |
12,79 |
13,77 |
14,76 |
|
170 |
|
0,97 |
1,94 |
2,90 |
3,87 |
4,84 |
5,81 |
6,78 |
7,75 |
8,71 |
9,68 |
10,65 |
11,62 |
12,59 |
13,56 |
14,52 |
|
180 |
|
0,95 |
1,91 |
2,86 |
3,81 |
4,77 |
5,72 |
6,67 |
7,62 |
8,58 |
9,53 |
10,48 |
11,44 |
12,39 |
13,34 |
14,30 |
|
190 |
|
0,94 |
1,88 |
2,82 |
3,75 |
4,69 |
5,63 |
6,57 |
7,51 |
8,45 |
9,38 |
10,32 |
11,26 |
12,20 |
13,14 |
14,08 |
|
200 |
|
0,92 |
1,85 |
2,77 |
3,70 |
4,62 |
5,54 |
6,47 |
7,39 |
8,32 |
9,24 |
10,17 |
11,09 |
12,01 |
12,94 |
13,86 |
|
210 |
|
0,91 |
1,82 |
2,73 |
3,64 |
4,55 |
5,46 |
6,37 |
7,28 |
8,19 |
9,10 |
10,01 |
10,92 |
11,83 |
12,74 |
13,66 |
|
220 |
|
0,90 |
1,79 |
2,69 |
3,59 |
4,48 |
5,38 |
6,28 |
7,18 |
8,07 |
8,97 |
9,87 |
10,76 |
11,66 |
12,56 |
13,45 |
|
230 |
|
0,88 |
1,77 |
2,65 |
3,54 |
4,42 |
5,30 |
6,19 |
7,07 |
7,96 |
8,84 |
9,72 |
10,61 |
11,49 |
12,38 |
13,26 |
|
240 |
|
0,87 |
1,74 |
2,61 |
3,49 |
4,36 |
5,23 |
6,10 |
6,97 |
7,84 |
8,71 |
9,58 |
10,46 |
11,33 |
12,20 |
13,07 |
|
250 |
|
0,86 |
1,72 |
2,58 |
3,44 |
4,30 |
5,15 |
6,01 |
6,87 |
7,73 |
8,59 |
9,45 |
10,31 |
11,17 |
12,03 |
12,89 |
Nitrogen
Gas flow in ml/min through column 0,32 mm/25
m pressure p in bar, T in °C
|
p |
|
0,1 |
0,2 |
0,3 |
0,4 |
0,5 |
0,6 |
0,7 |
0,8 |
0,9 |
1 |
1,1 |
1,2 |
1,3 |
1,4 |
1,5 |
|
T |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
|
0,63 |
1,27 |
1,90 |
2,54 |
3,17 |
3,80 |
4,44 |
5,07 |
5,70 |
6,34 |
6,97 |
7,61 |
8,24 |
8,87 |
9,51 |
|
30 |
|
0,62 |
1,24 |
1,86 |
2,48 |
3,10 |
3,72 |
4,34 |
4,96 |
5,58 |
6,20 |
6,82 |
7,45 |
8,07 |
8,69 |
9,31 |
|
40 |
|
0,61 |
1,22 |
1,82 |
2,43 |
3,04 |
3,65 |
4,25 |
4,86 |
5,47 |
6,08 |
6,68 |
7,29 |
7,90 |
8,51 |
9,11 |
|
50 |
|
0,60 |
1,19 |
1,79 |
2,38 |
2,98 |
3,57 |
4,17 |
4,76 |
5,36 |
5,95 |
6,55 |
7,14 |
7,74 |
8,33 |
8,93 |
|
60 |
|
0,58 |
1,17 |
1,75 |
2,33 |
2,92 |
3,50 |
4,08 |
4,67 |
5,25 |
5,83 |
6,42 |
7,00 |
7,58 |
8,17 |
8,75 |
|
70 |
|
0,57 |
1,14 |
1,72 |
2,29 |
2,86 |
3,43 |
4,00 |
4,58 |
5,15 |
5,72 |
6,29 |
6,86 |
7,44 |
8,01 |
8,58 |
|
80 |
|
0,56 |
1,12 |
1,68 |
2,24 |
2,80 |
3,37 |
3,93 |
4,49 |
5,05 |
5,61 |
6,17 |
6,73 |
7,29 |
7,85 |
8,41 |
|
90 |
|
0,55 |
1,10 |
1,65 |
2,20 |
2,75 |
3,30 |
3,85 |
4,40 |
4,95 |
5,50 |
6,05 |
6,61 |
7,16 |
7,71 |
8,26 |
|
100 |
|
0,54 |
1,08 |
1,62 |
2,16 |
2,70 |
3,24 |
3,78 |
4,32 |
4,86 |
5,40 |
5,94 |
6,48 |
7,02 |
7,56 |
8,10 |
|
110 |
|
0,53 |
1,06 |
1,59 |
2,12 |
2,65 |
3,18 |
3,71 |
4,24 |
4,77 |
5,30 |
5,84 |
6,37 |
6,90 |
7,43 |
7,96 |
|
120 |
|
0,52 |
1,04 |
1,56 |
2,08 |
2,61 |
3,13 |
3,65 |
4,17 |
4,69 |
5,21 |
5,73 |
6,25 |
6,77 |
7,29 |
7,82 |
|
130 |
|
0,51 |
1,02 |
1,54 |
2,05 |
2,56 |
3,07 |
3,58 |
4,10 |
4,61 |
5,12 |
5,63 |
6,14 |
6,66 |
7,17 |
7,68 |
|
140 |
|
0,50 |
1,01 |
1,51 |
2,01 |
2,52 |
3,02 |
3,52 |
4,03 |
4,53 |
5,03 |
5,53 |
6,04 |
6,54 |
7,04 |
7,55 |
|
150 |
|
0,49 |
0,99 |
1,48 |
1,98 |
2,47 |
2,97 |
3,46 |
3,96 |
4,45 |
4,95 |
5,44 |
5,94 |
6,43 |
6,92 |
7,42 |
|
160 |
|
0,49 |
0,97 |
1,46 |
1,95 |
2,43 |
2,92 |
3,40 |
3,89 |
4,38 |
4,86 |
5,35 |
5,84 |
6,32 |
6,81 |
7,30 |
|
170 |
|
0,48 |
0,96 |
1,44 |
1,91 |
2,39 |
2,87 |
3,35 |
3,83 |
4,31 |
4,78 |
5,26 |
5,74 |
6,22 |
6,70 |
7,18 |
|
180 |
|
0,47 |
0,94 |
1,41 |
1,88 |
2,35 |
2,82 |
3,30 |
3,77 |
4,24 |
4,71 |
5,18 |
5,65 |
6,12 |
6,59 |
7,06 |
|
190 |
|
0,46 |
0,93 |
1,39 |
1,85 |
2,32 |
2,78 |
3,24 |
3,71 |
4,17 |
4,63 |
5,10 |
5,56 |
6,02 |
6,49 |
6,95 |
|
200 |
|
0,46 |
0,91 |
1,37 |
1,82 |
2,28 |
2,74 |
3,19 |
3,65 |
4,10 |
4,56 |
5,02 |
5,47 |
5,93 |
6,39 |
6,84 |
|
210 |
|
0,45 |
0,90 |
1,35 |
1,80 |
2,25 |
2,69 |
3,14 |
3,59 |
4,04 |
4,49 |
4,94 |
5,39 |
5,84 |
6,29 |
6,74 |
|
220 |
|
0,44 |
0,88 |
1,33 |
1,77 |
2,21 |
2,65 |
3,10 |
3,54 |
3,98 |
4,42 |
4,87 |
5,31 |
5,75 |
6,19 |
6,63 |
|
230 |
|
0,44 |
0,87 |
1,31 |
1,74 |
2,18 |
2,61 |
3,05 |
3,49 |
3,92 |
4,36 |
4,79 |
5,23 |
5,66 |
6,10 |
6,54 |
|
240 |
|
0,43 |
0,86 |
1,29 |
1,72 |
2,15 |
2,58 |
3,01 |
3,43 |
3,86 |
4,29 |
4,72 |
5,15 |
5,58 |
6,01 |
6,44 |
|
250 |
|
0,42 |
0,85 |
1,27 |
1,69 |
2,12 |
2,54 |
2,96 |
3,39 |
3,81 |
4,23 |
4,65 |
5,08 |
5,50 |
5,92 |
6,35 |